Effects of exposure and previous exposure to copper on growth of veliger larvae and survivorship of Mytilus edulis juveniles
نویسندگان
چکیده
Exposure of Mytilus edulis L. (Molluscs: Bivalvia) to 8 ppb (ppb = 1-lg I ' ) added copper during the vellger larval or post-larval (spat) stages has no significant effects on survivorship or shell growth However, previous exposure to 8 ppb added copper d u r ~ n g the embryo stage significantly Increases veliger growth rate and decreases spat survivorship in a population from the Menal S t r a~ t , Wales, UK, in which this level of copper causes a slgnlflcant increase in embryo abnormality No such effects of pre-exposure are seen in a population from the Westerschelde, The Netherlands, where 8 ppb added copper does not constitute a stress on the embryo. These 'pre-incubation' (embryo exposure) effects far outweigh any direct influence of 8 ppb copper exposure dunng the later stages and have a substantial effect on estimates of the toxlcity of copper over the llfe cycle of M e d u l ~ s K E Y WORDS: Mussels Larvae Copper . Pollution . Pre-exposure . Long-term . Mytilus edulis . The Netherlands. Unlted Kingdom
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